Average Asphalt Roof Cost Per Square Foot
Asphalt shingles remain a popular roofing choice across the United States due to their affordability and relatively long lifespan. However, the cost of installing an asphalt roof varies significantly depending on several factors. Understanding these factors and the typical cost ranges can help homeowners budget effectively for their roofing projects.
Asphalt roof cost per square foot – The average cost of an asphalt shingle roof installation can fluctuate based on geographical location, material quality, and the complexity of the roofing job. Labor costs, which represent a significant portion of the total expense, differ regionally due to varying wage rates and the availability of skilled contractors. Material costs also vary depending on the type of asphalt shingle chosen, with higher-quality shingles generally costing more. Finally, complex roof designs, requiring specialized techniques and additional labor, increase the overall cost.
Asphalt Roof Cost Variations Across the US
Regional differences in labor costs and material availability significantly impact the price of asphalt roofing. For example, areas with a high concentration of skilled roofing contractors may experience higher labor costs compared to regions with a more limited pool of professionals. Similarly, transportation costs and material availability can influence pricing. While precise figures are difficult to provide without specific location details, a general range can be offered.
Generally, expect to pay anywhere from $3 to $10 per square foot for a basic asphalt shingle roof installation across different regions of the US. Lower costs are often found in areas with lower labor costs and readily available materials, while higher costs tend to occur in major metropolitan areas or regions with high demand and limited supply.
Factors Influencing Asphalt Roof Cost Per Square Foot
Several key factors contribute to the variation in asphalt roof cost per square foot. Understanding these factors is crucial for accurate budgeting and informed decision-making.
| Factor | Impact on Cost | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Labor Costs | Significantly impacts the overall cost; varies regionally. | Higher labor rates in major cities like New York City will result in a higher overall cost compared to smaller towns in the Midwest. |
| Material Quality | Higher-quality shingles generally cost more but offer better durability and longevity. | Architectural shingles, known for their thicker profile and dimensional appearance, typically cost more than 3-tab shingles. |
| Roof Complexity | Complex roof designs, such as those with multiple angles or dormers, require more labor and time, increasing the cost. | A roof with many valleys, hips, and ridges will be more expensive to install than a simple gable roof. |
| Underlayment | The type of underlayment used can affect cost; synthetic underlayments are typically more expensive but offer superior protection. | Using a synthetic underlayment instead of felt paper will increase the cost but provide better waterproofing and durability. |
| Waste Removal | Disposal of old roofing materials adds to the overall cost. | Proper disposal of old asphalt shingles and other debris is essential and adds to the overall project expense. |
Average Costs Per Square Foot for Different Asphalt Shingle Types
The type of asphalt shingle chosen significantly impacts the cost per square foot. This table provides a general range, recognizing that actual costs can vary based on the previously discussed factors.
| Region | Shingle Type | Low Cost ($/sq ft) | High Cost ($/sq ft) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Midwest | 3-Tab | 3.50 | 6.00 |
| Midwest | Architectural | 5.00 | 8.00 |
| Northeast | 3-Tab | 4.00 | 7.00 |
| Northeast | Architectural | 6.00 | 9.00 |
| South | 3-Tab | 3.00 | 5.50 |
| South | Architectural | 4.50 | 7.50 |
| West Coast | 3-Tab | 4.50 | 7.50 |
| West Coast | Architectural | 6.50 | 9.50 |
Factors Affecting Asphalt Roof Cost
Several factors significantly influence the final cost of an asphalt shingle roof. Understanding these variables allows homeowners to make informed decisions and budget effectively for their roofing project. This section will explore the key elements impacting the overall expense, providing a clearer picture of what to expect.
Roof Size and Slope
The size of the roof directly correlates with material and labor costs. Larger roofs naturally require more shingles, underlayment, and other materials, leading to a higher overall expense. The slope of the roof also plays a crucial role. Steeper slopes present greater challenges for installers, increasing labor time and potentially the overall cost. For instance, a steep, complex roof design might necessitate specialized equipment and safety measures, adding to the final price. Conversely, a simple, low-sloped roof on a smaller house will generally be less expensive to install. The square footage of the roof is the primary driver here, with additional costs associated with complexity.
New Roof Installation versus Repairs, Asphalt roof cost per square foot
The cost difference between a complete roof replacement and repairs can be substantial. Repairs typically involve addressing specific problem areas, such as replacing damaged shingles or fixing minor leaks. This is usually a less expensive option compared to a full roof replacement, which entails removing the existing roof, installing new underlayment, and applying a complete new shingle layer. A full tear-off and replacement might cost several thousand dollars more than patching a few damaged areas. The extent of the damage dictates the cost of repairs; minor repairs are significantly cheaper than those requiring extensive work.
Tear-Off versus Overlay Installation Methods
The chosen installation method significantly impacts the overall cost. A tear-off involves completely removing the existing roof before installing the new one. This is generally more expensive due to the added labor and disposal costs of the old roofing materials. An overlay, on the other hand, involves installing new shingles directly over the existing ones. This method is typically less expensive and quicker, but it’s only suitable under specific circumstances, primarily when the existing roof is in good condition and structurally sound. The decision between tear-off and overlay should be based on the condition of the existing roof and local building codes; sometimes, an overlay is simply not permitted. The cost savings of an overlay can be substantial, but the long-term implications of not performing a tear-off must be carefully considered.
Material Costs
The cost of materials significantly impacts the overall price of an asphalt shingle roof. Understanding the individual components and potential cost variations allows for informed decision-making during the roofing project. This section details the breakdown of material costs, including options for potential savings.
Asphalt shingle roofing involves more than just the shingles themselves. A complete installation requires several key components, each contributing to the final cost. These include the shingles, underlayment, flashing, and nails. The quality and type of each material can greatly affect the overall expense.
Asphalt Shingle Cost Components
Asphalt shingles are the most visible and largest cost component. Prices vary based on factors such as material composition (fiberglass vs. organic), thickness, durability, and aesthetic features (color, texture, style). Higher-quality shingles, often featuring enhanced durability and longevity, naturally command higher prices. For example, architectural shingles, known for their dimensional appearance and superior weather resistance, typically cost more per square than standard 3-tab shingles.
Underlayment is a waterproof membrane installed beneath the shingles, providing an extra layer of protection against moisture damage. Felt underlayment is a more economical option, while synthetic underlayments, offering superior water resistance and tear strength, are more expensive but provide better long-term protection. The cost of underlayment is typically calculated per square (100 square feet).
Flashing, typically made of aluminum or galvanized steel, is crucial for sealing vulnerable areas of the roof, such as valleys, chimneys, and vents. Proper flashing prevents water penetration and is essential for roof longevity. The cost of flashing depends on the quantity needed, which varies based on the roof’s complexity.
Nails are a seemingly minor expense, but their total cost can add up, especially for larger roofs. Galvanized roofing nails are standard and provide sufficient holding power. The number of nails required depends on the shingle type and the installer’s practices.
Potential Cost Savings from Material Choices
Strategic choices in shingle materials and manufacturers can lead to significant cost savings without compromising quality. Opting for standard 3-tab shingles instead of more expensive architectural shingles can reduce costs considerably. Similarly, choosing a reputable manufacturer with competitive pricing can also result in savings without sacrificing warranty protection. Careful comparison shopping and considering the long-term value proposition of different materials are key to cost-effective roofing.
Comparative Table: Shingle Brands and Warranties
The following table compares the price and warranty information for several common asphalt shingle brands. Note that prices are estimates and can vary based on location, supplier, and quantity purchased. Warranty lengths also vary depending on the specific shingle model and installation practices.
| Brand | Shingle Type | Price per Square (USD) | Warranty Length (Years) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Owens Corning | Duration Shingles | 80-120 | 50 |
| CertainTeed | Landmark Pro | 75-110 | 50 |
| GAF | Timberline HDZ | 85-125 | 50 |
| IKO | Cambridge Xtreme | 90-130 | 50 |
Disclaimer: Prices and warranty information are estimates and may vary based on location, supplier, and specific product. Always consult with a roofing contractor for accurate pricing and warranty details.
Labor Costs
Labor costs represent a significant portion of the overall expense for an asphalt roof installation. Understanding the factors that influence these costs is crucial for accurate budgeting and realistic project planning. These costs are not uniform across geographical areas or contractors, and vary based on the complexity of the project itself.
Labor costs are determined by several interacting factors. The most significant are the contractor’s experience and location, as well as the intricacies of the roofing job. Highly skilled and experienced roofing crews typically command higher wages than less experienced teams. Similarly, geographical location plays a critical role, as labor markets in different regions exhibit varying wage structures. A complex roof installation, requiring specialized techniques or extensive repairs, will inherently demand more labor hours and therefore, a higher cost.
Factors Influencing Labor Cost Variations
The following points illustrate the multifaceted nature of labor cost determination in asphalt roofing projects.
- Geographic Location: Labor rates vary widely across the country. High-cost areas like major metropolitan centers typically have higher labor costs than smaller towns or rural areas. For example, a roofing crew in New York City will likely charge more per hour than a similar crew in a rural part of Nebraska.
- Contractor Experience and Reputation: Established and highly-rated contractors with proven track records often charge higher labor rates than newer or less experienced firms. Their expertise and reputation justify the higher cost, offering clients assurance of quality workmanship and project completion on schedule.
- Project Complexity: Simple roof installations with minimal repairs or tear-offs will require fewer labor hours compared to complex projects involving extensive repairs, difficult-to-access areas, or specialized techniques. A steeply pitched roof or a roof with intricate detailing will inherently take longer to complete, increasing labor costs.
- Project Size: While labor cost *per square foot* may decrease slightly on larger projects due to economies of scale, the overall labor cost will still be higher simply because more square footage requires more labor hours.
- Time of Year: Demand for roofing services often fluctuates seasonally. During peak seasons (typically spring and summer), labor costs might be higher due to increased demand and potential scheduling constraints.
Typical Labor Costs Per Square Foot
The labor cost per square foot for asphalt roof installation typically ranges from $2 to $8. This wide range reflects the variations discussed above. A simple installation in a low-cost labor market might fall towards the lower end of this range, while a complex project in a high-cost area could easily reach the higher end or even exceed it. It’s crucial to obtain multiple quotes from reputable contractors to get a realistic estimate for your specific project.
Permitting and Inspection Fees
Obtaining the necessary permits and inspections for your asphalt roof replacement is a crucial step in the process, and understanding the associated costs is vital for accurate budgeting. These fees, while seemingly minor compared to the overall project cost, can add up unexpectedly if not properly accounted for. They vary significantly depending on your location and the specifics of your roofing project.
Permitting and inspection fees are determined by local government agencies, specifically building departments and other relevant authorities. These fees cover the administrative costs associated with reviewing plans, ensuring compliance with building codes, and conducting on-site inspections to verify the quality of the work. The fees are generally calculated based on the size of the project, the complexity of the work, and the specific requirements of the jurisdiction.
Permitting Fees
Permitting fees cover the administrative review of your roofing project plans. These fees typically range from $100 to $500 or more, depending on the size of your roof and the complexity of the project. For instance, a larger commercial building would incur significantly higher permit fees than a small residential home. The fee structure often includes a base fee plus a per-square-foot charge, or a percentage of the total project cost. Some municipalities may also charge additional fees for expedited review if you need the permit processed quickly. For example, a city might charge a $200 base fee plus $0.50 per square foot for a residential roof permit, resulting in a $450 fee for a 500 square foot roof. In contrast, a commercial project could see fees exceeding $1000.
Inspection Fees
Inspection fees are charged for each required inspection during the roofing project. These inspections typically occur at several stages of the process, such as during the initial tear-off, after the installation of the underlayment, and upon completion of the roofing installation. Each inspection usually costs between $50 and $150, although this can vary widely. A project requiring three inspections could thus incur fees ranging from $150 to $450. The number of inspections depends on local regulations and the complexity of the work. For example, a complex re-roofing job involving significant repairs or alterations may require more inspections than a straightforward replacement.
Additional Fees
Beyond the standard permitting and inspection fees, additional costs might arise. These can include fees for plan revisions if the initial plans need adjustments to meet code requirements, fees for late submissions, or fees for re-inspections if the work doesn’t pass the initial inspection. In some areas, there might also be fees for connection to utility services if the roofing work impacts these services. For example, a project requiring multiple plan revisions due to code compliance issues could result in significant additional fees. Similarly, failing an inspection and needing a re-inspection can add to the overall costs.
Warranty Considerations
Investing in a new asphalt roof is a significant financial commitment, and understanding the warranty implications is crucial for responsible budgeting. Warranties protect you from unexpected repair or replacement costs, offering peace of mind and potentially saving you considerable expense down the line. Careful consideration of both shingle and workmanship warranties is essential to ensure you receive the full value of your investment.
Shingle and workmanship warranties offer different types of coverage, impacting the overall cost and longevity of your roof. Shingle warranties typically cover defects in the manufacturing of the shingles themselves, while workmanship warranties cover the quality of the roofing contractor’s installation. Understanding the nuances of each type and their respective durations is key to making an informed decision.
Shingle Warranty Coverage
Manufacturer’s shingle warranties typically cover defects in materials, such as cracking, curling, or granule loss, for a specified period. These warranties often vary in length, ranging from 10 to 50 years, depending on the shingle type and manufacturer. A longer warranty usually signifies higher-quality shingles, which may initially cost more but offer greater long-term protection and reduce the risk of premature roof failure. For example, a 30-year warranty might cover material defects for the full 30 years, but might only cover 10 years for pro-rated replacement, meaning the manufacturer pays a decreasing percentage of the replacement cost as time goes on. A 50-year warranty, however, might offer full replacement coverage for the entire 50-year period, under specific conditions.
Workmanship Warranty Coverage
Workmanship warranties, provided by the roofing contractor, cover defects resulting from improper installation. These warranties typically range from 1 to 10 years and cover issues such as leaks caused by faulty flashing, improperly installed shingles, or inadequate underlayment. A longer workmanship warranty reflects the contractor’s confidence in their skills and the quality of their work, potentially suggesting a higher level of professionalism and expertise. A reputable contractor will stand behind their work, offering a comprehensive workmanship warranty as a testament to their commitment to customer satisfaction.
Cost Implications of Warranty Options
The cost of roofing materials and labor is directly influenced by the warranty length and type. Higher-quality shingles with longer warranties generally cost more upfront, but this added expense is often offset by reduced long-term repair and replacement costs. Similarly, a contractor offering a longer workmanship warranty might charge a slightly higher installation fee, but this investment offers substantial protection against potential future expenses associated with faulty installation. For example, choosing shingles with a 50-year warranty might cost 20% more than shingles with a 20-year warranty, but the long-term cost savings in repairs could significantly outweigh the initial higher cost, particularly if a major repair or replacement is needed within the 20-year period. It’s essential to consider the total cost of ownership, including the initial cost and potential future repair expenses, when comparing warranty options.
Hidden Costs
Planning a new asphalt roof involves more than just the upfront cost per square foot. Several hidden expenses can significantly inflate the final bill, impacting your budget if not properly accounted for. Understanding these potential costs is crucial for accurate budgeting and avoiding unpleasant surprises during the project.
Unexpected expenses can easily derail a roofing project’s budget. Failing to account for these hidden costs can lead to project delays, compromises on materials, or even the need to halt the project until additional funds are secured. This section will highlight several common hidden costs to help you prepare a more comprehensive budget.
Debris Removal
Debris removal is often overlooked but represents a substantial cost, particularly with larger roofing projects or those involving complex tear-offs. The amount of waste generated during a roof replacement can be considerable, including old shingles, underlayment, and other construction materials. Disposal fees vary depending on local regulations and landfill costs, and can range from a few hundred to several thousand dollars depending on the size of the roof and the amount of debris. For instance, a large commercial building might generate several tons of waste, resulting in significantly higher disposal costs compared to a small residential home. Contractors typically include this cost in their estimates, but it’s wise to confirm its inclusion and obtain a detailed breakdown.
Tear-off of Existing Roofing
The removal of your old roof (tear-off) is a significant factor influencing the overall cost. This process is labor-intensive and involves careful removal of old shingles, underlayment, and potentially other layers of roofing materials. The complexity of the tear-off depends on factors such as the roof’s age, the number of layers, the presence of asbestos or other hazardous materials, and the roof’s pitch and accessibility. A complex tear-off, for example, one involving multiple layers of roofing or the presence of asbestos, will significantly increase the labor costs and potentially require specialized disposal procedures, thus adding considerably to the overall expense. A simple tear-off on a small, single-layer roof might be relatively inexpensive, while a complex tear-off on a large, multi-layered roof could add thousands of dollars to the project.
Unexpected Repairs
During the roof replacement process, unexpected repairs might be discovered. These could include underlying structural damage to the decking, damaged flashing around chimneys or vents, or rotted wood that needs replacing. These unforeseen repairs can substantially increase the project cost, as they require additional labor and materials. For example, discovering extensive rotted wood under the shingles might necessitate replacing a significant portion of the roof decking, adding considerable expense to the original estimate. It’s advisable to have a thorough roof inspection before beginning the replacement to minimize the likelihood of such surprises, but it’s important to build a contingency into your budget to account for potential unexpected issues.
Cost Comparison with Other Roofing Materials
Choosing a roofing material involves considering not only initial cost but also longevity, maintenance requirements, and overall long-term value. Asphalt shingles are a popular choice due to their affordability, but other materials offer different advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost and lifespan. This section compares asphalt shingles with other common roofing options to help you make an informed decision.
Asphalt shingles generally present a lower initial cost per square foot compared to tile, metal, or wood shake roofing. However, this lower upfront investment needs to be weighed against the shorter lifespan and higher frequency of maintenance typically associated with asphalt. Conversely, materials like tile and metal, while more expensive initially, boast significantly longer lifespans, potentially reducing overall long-term costs. Wood shake roofing offers a unique aesthetic appeal but comes with its own set of cost and maintenance considerations.
Roofing Material Cost Comparison
The following table summarizes the approximate cost per square foot, lifespan, and average annual maintenance cost for several common roofing materials. These figures are estimates and can vary significantly depending on factors such as material quality, geographic location, labor costs, and project complexity. It’s crucial to obtain multiple quotes from reputable contractors in your area for an accurate cost assessment.
| Material | Initial Cost/sq ft | Lifespan (Years) | Average Annual Maintenance Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| Asphalt Shingles | $2 – $5 | 15-30 | $0 – $100 (depending on repairs needed) |
| Clay Tile | $8 – $20 | 50-100 | $0 – $50 (minimal cleaning and inspections) |
| Metal Roofing (Aluminum or Steel) | $7 – $15 | 50-75 | $0 – $50 (minimal cleaning and occasional spot repairs) |
| Wood Shake | $6 – $12 | 20-30 | $50 – $200 (regular cleaning and potential repairs due to rot or insect damage) |
Long-Term Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
While asphalt shingles may seem less expensive upfront, the need for more frequent replacements over the long term can lead to higher overall costs. For instance, replacing an asphalt roof every 15 years will incur significant expenses compared to a metal roof that might last 50 years or more. The long-term cost-effectiveness of a roofing material should be assessed by calculating the total cost of ownership over its lifespan, which includes initial material and labor costs, maintenance expenses, and the cost of eventual replacement. This holistic approach ensures a more accurate comparison of different roofing options. For example, a homeowner might initially save money by opting for asphalt shingles, but the cumulative cost of multiple replacements over several decades could easily exceed the cost of a longer-lasting, higher-priced metal or tile roof.
Finding Reputable Contractors
Choosing the right roofing contractor is crucial for a successful and long-lasting asphalt roof installation. A reputable contractor will not only ensure quality workmanship but also provide peace of mind throughout the entire process. Carefully vetting potential contractors is an investment that safeguards your home and your budget.
Finding a reliable and experienced roofing contractor requires diligence and a systematic approach. This involves utilizing various resources and conducting thorough background checks to ensure the contractor’s competency and trustworthiness. Remember, a poorly executed roof installation can lead to significant future costs and headaches.
Contractor Selection Methods
Several avenues exist for finding qualified roofing contractors. Online directories, such as those provided by the Better Business Bureau or Angie’s List, often include customer reviews and ratings, providing valuable insights into a contractor’s reputation. Local referrals from trusted friends, family, or neighbors can also be a reliable source of recommendations. Checking with your local home builders association might also yield promising leads. Finally, reviewing online portfolios showcasing past projects can offer a visual assessment of the contractor’s skills and attention to detail.
Obtaining Multiple Quotes
Before committing to a contractor, it is essential to obtain at least three quotes from different companies. This comparative analysis allows for a fair assessment of pricing, services offered, and overall value. Ensure that all quotes include a detailed breakdown of materials, labor, and any additional costs, such as permits or cleanup. Comparing quotes side-by-side highlights discrepancies and helps in identifying potentially inflated prices or hidden fees. For example, one quote might emphasize high-quality materials, while another might focus on a faster turnaround time. Analyzing these differences allows you to make an informed decision based on your priorities and budget.
Verification of Licenses and Insurance
Verifying a contractor’s licensing and insurance is a critical step in protecting yourself from potential problems. A valid contractor’s license demonstrates that the company meets specific professional standards and has undergone background checks. Adequate insurance coverage, including workers’ compensation and liability insurance, protects you from financial responsibility in case of accidents or damages during the installation process. Requesting proof of insurance and license numbers allows for verification with the relevant state or local authorities. Failing to verify these crucial details can leave you vulnerable to significant financial and legal liabilities should unforeseen circumstances arise during the project.
Budgeting and Financing Options: Asphalt Roof Cost Per Square Foot
Replacing or repairing an asphalt roof is a significant investment, and careful planning is crucial to ensure a smooth and financially responsible process. Understanding budgeting strategies and available financing options will empower homeowners to make informed decisions and avoid unexpected financial strain. This section Artikels practical approaches to budgeting for roof work and explores financing solutions that can make this large expense more manageable.
Developing a realistic budget for asphalt roof replacement or repair requires a multi-faceted approach. First, obtain multiple detailed estimates from reputable contractors. These estimates should break down the costs of materials, labor, permits, and any other anticipated expenses. Comparing these estimates will provide a clear picture of the overall cost range. Next, assess your current financial situation. Determine how much you can comfortably afford to pay upfront and how much you might need to finance. Consider setting aside a contingency fund (typically 10-20% of the total cost) to cover unforeseen issues that may arise during the project. Finally, prioritize your needs. If budget constraints are tight, consider prioritizing essential repairs over complete replacements, if feasible.
Financing Options for Roof Replacement or Repair
Several financing options are available to homeowners undertaking roof projects. Home equity loans or lines of credit (HELOCs) allow homeowners to borrow against the equity in their homes. This can provide a lump sum or access to funds as needed, with the loan repaid over a set period. Personal loans from banks or credit unions offer another alternative, with varying interest rates and repayment terms. Finally, some roofing contractors may offer financing plans, often in partnership with lending institutions, allowing homeowners to spread the cost over monthly payments. It’s crucial to compare interest rates, fees, and repayment terms across different options to find the most suitable solution for individual financial circumstances. For example, a homeowner might choose a 5-year loan with a fixed interest rate of 7% to manage the cost of a $15,000 roof replacement, making monthly payments more manageable than a large upfront payment.
Total Cost of Ownership Considerations
While the initial cost of an asphalt roof is a primary concern, it’s equally important to consider the total cost of ownership over the roof’s lifespan. This encompasses not only the initial investment but also the expected maintenance costs, potential repairs, and the eventual replacement cost. A higher-quality, more expensive roof might have a longer lifespan and require less maintenance, ultimately reducing the overall cost over 20 or 30 years. Conversely, a cheaper roof might require more frequent repairs and an earlier replacement, potentially leading to higher long-term expenses. For instance, a premium asphalt shingle roof with a 50-year warranty might cost more upfront, but its longer lifespan and reduced maintenance needs could save money compared to a lower-cost roof requiring replacement after 15 years. A thorough cost-benefit analysis, considering the total cost of ownership, is essential for making an informed decision.
Common Queries
What is the lifespan of an asphalt shingle roof?
The lifespan of an asphalt shingle roof varies depending on the quality of the shingles, climate, and proper installation. Generally, you can expect 15-30 years, with higher-quality architectural shingles lasting longer.
Can I install an asphalt roof myself?
While seemingly straightforward, asphalt roof installation is complex and requires specialized skills and safety equipment. It’s strongly recommended to hire a professional roofing contractor for a safe and durable installation.
How do I find a reputable roofing contractor?
Seek recommendations from trusted sources, check online reviews, verify licenses and insurance, and obtain multiple quotes before making a decision. Ensure the contractor provides a detailed contract outlining the scope of work and payment schedule.
What are the common warranty types for asphalt shingles?
Common warranties include manufacturer warranties covering shingle defects and workmanship warranties provided by the contractor, covering installation issues. Lengths vary by manufacturer and contractor.